Monday, February 27, 2012

Floating in the Azure Sky

Ms. S. Emma Edmonds provides us with a vivid story as she recalls seeing a balloon ascend in her 1865 book Nurse and Spy in the Union Army.


“In looking back over the events of the two years which I spent in the army, I see so much worthy of record that I scarcely know where to stop.


A most thrilling incident occurs to mind at this moment in connection with Professor Lowe and his balloon , which I must relate before closing. It took place while McClellan’s army was in front of Yorktown.


General Fitz John Porter having been in the habit of making frequent ascension in company with Professor Lowe, learned to go aloft alone.


One morning he stepped into the car and ordered the cable to be let out with all speed. We saw with surprise that the flurried assistants were sending up the great straining canvas with a single rope attached. The enormous bag was only partially inflated, and the loose folds opened and shut with a sharp report like that of a pistol. Noisily, fitfully, the great yellow mass rose toward the sky, the basket rocking like a feather in the breeze. Presently a sound came like a feather in the breeze. Presently a sound came from overhead like the explosion of a shell – the cable had snapped asunder, and the balloon was adrift.


All eyes were turned toward the receding car, where General Porter sat in his aerial castle, being borne heavenward as fast as if on eagle wings without the power to check or guide his upward flight.


The whole army agitated by this unwonted occurrence, and the rebel army evidently partook in the general excitement.


Lowe’s voice could be heard above the confusion and tumult shouting to the soaring hero – “Open-the-valve! Climb-to-the-netting-and-reach-the valve-rope!”


“The valve-the valve!” repeated a multitude of voices, but all in vain, for it was impossible to make him hear.


Soon the signal corps began to operate, and at last the general was made to understand by signals when it was impossible to reach him by the human voice.


He appeared directly over the edge of the car, and then clambered up the netting and reached for the cord, but he was so far above us then he looked no bigger than a great black spider.


It was a weird spectacle – that frail, fading object floating in the azure sky, with the miniature boat swinging silently beneath, looking no bigger than a humming-bird’s nest; and a hundred thousand brave hearts beneath beating with the wildest excitement and warmest sympathy, yet powerless to render the least assistance to their exalted brother-in-arms.


“Had the general been floating down the rapids of the Niagara he could not have been farther from human assistance.”


We at length saw him descend from the netting and reappear over the edge of the basket, and he seemed to be motioning to the breathless crowd below the story of his failure.


Soon after the balloon began slowly to descend, and when we next saw him it was with spyglass in hand, reconnoitering the rebel works. Shouts of joy and laughter went up from the long lines of spectators as this cool procedure was observed.


For a moment it seemed doubtful in which direction the balloon would float; it faltered like an irresolute being, and at length moved reluctantly toward Fortress Monroe. Bursting cheers half uttered, quivered on every lip. All eyes glistened and many were dim with tears. But the wayward canvas now turned due west, and was blown rapidly toward the confederate works.

Its course was fitfully direct, and the wind seemed to veer often, as if contrary currents, conscious of the opportunity, were struggling for the possession of the daring navigator.

The south wind held the mastery for awhile, and the balloon passed the Federal front amid groans of despair from the soldiers. It kept right on, over sharpshooters, rifle-pits, etc, until it stood directly over the rebel fortifications at Yorktown. The cool courage, either of heroism or despair, seemed to seize the general, for turning his tremendous glass upon the ramparts and masked batteries below, he viewed the remote camps, the beleaguered town, the guns of Gloucester Point, and distant Norfolk. Had he been reconnoitering from a secure perch on the top of the moon he could not have been more vigilant; and the Confederates probably thought this some Yankee device to peer into their sanctum in spite of ball or shell. None of their large guns could be brought to bear upon the balloon, but there were some discharges of musketry, which seemed to have no effect whatever, and finally even these demonstrations ceased.


Both armies were gazing aloft in breathless suspense, while the deliberate general continued to spy out the land.


Suddenly another change of position, and the air craft plunged and tacked about, and steered rapidly for the Federal lines again. Making a desperate effort to catch the valve-rope, the general at length succeeded, and giving it a jerk, the balloon came suddenly to the ground; fortunately, however, it stuck a tent as it descended, which perhaps saved the general from any serious injuries from the fall.


By the time the crowd had reached the spot, Porter had disentangled himself from the folds of oiled canvas, and was ready to greet his anxious friends; and amid hearty congratulations and vociferous cheers, he was escorted to his quarters."

Friday, February 24, 2012

Got Gas?


The science of flight—Aerostatics, as it was known in the 19th century—became a reality as early as 1783, when the French brothers Montgolfier sent up a balloon using hot air heated by a fire on the ground. The Montgolfiers, only two months later, used a hydrogen-filled balloon to take three passengers: a sheep, duck, and rooster, into the air for King Louis XVI and his court.

By the time of the American Civil War, hot air was still not a practical method of lighter-than-air travel, as no device or fuel source had been employed that allowed a balloon to stay aloft for any length of time. Non-air gasses were therefore the main means of ascension.

Before the war, civilian balloonists, or aeronauts, used primarily “coal gas” from city lines. This was the same gas used to light street lamps in cities, and it was composed of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane.

As war broke out, aeronauts volunteering their services for the US Army quickly found that it was extremely difficult, if not impossible, to fill their balloons in the cities and then tow them over rough terrain to join armies in the field. Before and en route to the First Battle of Bull Run at least four balloons, those of James Allen and John Wise, had already been lost to wind, trees, and telegraph poles. Another method was needed to inflate balloons in the field and to accommodate the stresses of battle!

The renown balloonist, John Wise, drew up plans for a portable apparatus based on the designs of late 18th century French aeronauts—it used a process called “water decomposition” to produce the combustible, but extremely light gas, Hydrogen. This process involved heating “iron turnings” and charcoal until white hot and then running steam into the material. The process, at the time, was sadly inefficient, however, and it was determined by the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia that using this proposed apparatus would require as much as 7,500 pounds of iron and other supplies, costing a total of $7,000 per inflation. The cost and inefficiency of this method made it impractical for military purposes.

Another young aeronaut, Thaddeus Lowe invented and had constructed another sort of portable generator: a wagon housed tanks of sulfuric acid, into which iron filings were deposited. The reaction gave off hydrogen, which moved into a leather hose and through two purifiers, and finally into the envelope of the balloon. This method and design was adopted by the army and proved practical even in the midst of battle. The generators could inflate a balloon in just over two hours (fast for the time) at a cost of only $60-$70—obviously superior to the water decomposition method. Lowe’s outside-the-box thinking brought him to the fore as chief aeronaut of the Union Army. His invention of the portable gas generators allowed him to effectively serve the Army of the Potomac through three major campaigns of the Civil War: the Peninsula, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville.

Tuesday, February 21, 2012

Cabin Fever Reliever Hikes

Join us for our last Cabin Fever Reliever Hikes at the Nature Center!!!


This program will last 60-75 minutes as we hike approximately 1 mile.
Programs are free for museum members. Non-member fee: $5.50/adults; $5/seniors; $4.50/youth (ages 4-16).






Winter Bird Tea Party! - Sunday, February 26, 2 p.m.

Discover which species of birds visit the museum bird feeders in winter. Learn about the best foods to provide for your feathered friends and unlock the mysteries of bird identification. Enjoy a cup of tea or cocoa while museum naturalists help you identify species from the warmth of the nature center lobby.

Complimentary Tea and Hot Chocolate served from 2-3 p.m.



Wednesday, February 15, 2012

Buck and Dan - A Growing Oxen Team

Buck and Dan, our youngest oxen team, continue their lessons with Lead of Trades, Mr. Sanbury, and his mentor, Mr. Kinsey. Buck and Dan are from the short-horn milking breed and will have to learn about a dozen commands reliably as a team before they can help out around the farm. They’ll need to learn how to turn right and left (Gee and haw) stop (Whoa) go (step Up) go backwards (Back, This is the trickiest part!) and pull loads on sleds and wagons. They will also have to learn to be calm around all different types of people since they will be meeting our visitors regularly.


Since they will be working as a team for the rest of their lives, Mr. Sanbury has to be careful to put the right ox on the correct side of the yoke every time. These two look a lot alike, so we’ve put a red scarf on Dan to tell him apart. They are 6 ½ months old and very curious! It will be another season before they are big enough to pull a plow, but they are expected to surpass our current adult team, Mike and Tom in size when fully grown! That’s over a ton a piece!

Shorthorn milking cows are among one of the earliest breeds known in England. In about 1839, they started coming to the US because the females produce a large volume of milk, have easy calving, and produce long into their lives. In addition, they can thrive in rough pastures, have a good temperament, and are also good for beef. Mr. Sanbury reports that they are very intelligent as well, having learned the commands quicker than any other team he has worked with. They can even go backwards just as easily as forwards!

Here, Buck and Dan are 7 weeks old last summer.

Heads Up!

The Greene Textile collection includes superb examples of 19th century hats—and each one needs an archival or storage display mount to preserve the shape of the object and to reduce handling—staff and researchers simply pick up the mount, rather than the object. Students from Villa Maria’s fashion program helped make storage mounts, shown below.

Tuesday, February 14, 2012

Cabin Fever Reliever Hikes

With just two more February weekends left, join us at the Nature Center for our Cabin Fever Reliever Hikes!!!


Each of these programs will last 60-75 minutes as we hike approximately 1 mile.
Programs are free for museum members. Non-member fee: $5.50/adults; $5/seniors; $4.50/youth (ages 4-16).
Winter Tree ID - Sunday, February 19, 2 p.m.

Bundle up for a journey into a magical world--- the winter woods at Genesee Country Village & Museum! Learn how to identify trees in winter on this one-mile walk by examining bark and branch formations. An experienced museum naturalist will also teach you how the "madcap horse" can help you learn your trees.

Winter Bird Tea Party! - Sunday, February 26, 2 p.m.

Discover which species of birds visit the museum bird feeders in winter. Learn about the best foods to provide for your feathered friends and unlock the mysteries of bird identification. Enjoy a cup of tea or cocoa while museum naturalists help you identify species from the warmth of the nature center lobby.
Complimentary Tea and Hot Chocolate served from 2-3 p.m.